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PREVIEW OF LECTURE EXAM # 2, PHYSIOLOGY 03028, SPRING 2000

W. Crone (303 FTZ, 629-7439, cronewil@hvcc.edu, http://www.hvcc.edu/academ/faculty/crone/index.html)

WEEK 9: THURSDAY, MARCH 16, 7:50 - 9:55 AM. Bring sharpened #2 pencils.

This second lecture exam will cover the lecture/text material for weeks 6 through 9 (to complete through the renal and electrolytes section, or as least as much as we get through the Monday before in lecture!). It will be based on lectures discussed/touched on in lecture, although your understanding should be enhanced by your readings in the texts. Note that you will have two hours--given that Microbiology 03024 follows at 10 AM, you won't have"open-ended" time to finish the test!

Format:

• The essays will target situations that are worth additional study, as indicated in the course outline. I've listed them again below. Note that there are some modifications, e.g., dropping diuretics (since you got two hours of that in Pharmacology), and saving electrolytes besides sodium and potassium for GI. Rest assured that each will be either in an essay and/or at least one multiple choice question. Be particularly prepared to address"case studies" from Michael and Rovick, van Wysberghe and Cooley, and Cormack that are applicable but not covered in the recitation sections (as you probably noticed during the first Physiology test!).

• Describe the functions of the respiratory system, distinguish among different zone structures, and discuss the significance of different thoracic membranes.
• Use physical laws (Henry, Dalton, LaPlace, Boyle) to explain pressure changes during ventilation, surface tension, and partial pressures of gases.
• List the values found in an arterial blood gas and correlate them to the control of breathing, the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, and the chloride shift.
• Describe different forms of anoxia and their underlying pathophysiology.
• Describe cardiovascular and pulmonary responses to exercise.
• Diagram and explain the histology and pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and adult respiratory distress syndrome.

• Diagram the gross and histologic anatomy of the kidneys in relationship to the nephron and collecting ducts.
• Define and distinguish among osmosis, osmolality, osmolarity, and tonicity.
• Describe the processes that occur along the length of the nephron to produce urine.
• Calculate glomerular filtration rate and creatinine clearance, and explain their clinical significance.
• Describe how filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur for different substances, e.g., hydrogen ions, glucose, amino acids.
• List the effects of different substances on renal function, e.g., aldosterone, anitdiuretic hormone, and correlate renal pathophysiology with altered levels of these substances.
• Use your knowledge of both pulmonary and renal systems to explain acid-base regulation and disorders.
• Explain the symptoms and features of altered fluid status, and altered electrolyte levels of sodium and potassium

As you saw with the first physiology test, I intend to have the multiple choice questions to be thought-provoking. Problem-solving is at the heart of physiology as a discipline. If you know the material at the level of we're discussing it during lecture and recitation, you should be able to answer them. Examples from last year's test follow, with the answers at the bottom of the next page.

1. Lungs and airways that are inflated at birth normally do not collapse again because of all of the following except:

1. cartilages and connective tissues hold the airways open
2. surfactant prevents the alveoli from collapsing
3. negative intrathoracic pressure prevents total elastic recoil of the lungs
4. the lungs are compliant and a small amount of pressure will keep them inflated
5. physiologic shunting of blood towards underventilated alveoli stimulates expansion

2. If the blood lacked red blood cells but the lungs were functioning normally,

1. the arterial PaO₂ would be normal
2. the oxygen content of arterial blood would be normal
3. both A and B would apply
4. neither A nor B would apply

3. Increasing alveolar ventilation increases the blood pH because:

1. it activates neural mechanisms that remove acid from the blood
2. it makes hemoglobin a stronger acid
3. it increases the PaO₂ of the blood
4. it decreases the PACO₂ of the alveoli
5. the increased muscle work of increased breathing generates more CO₂.

4. The following renal function data were obtained for the substance"Ewerhea:"

urine flow rate: 90 ml/hr

urine concentration of ewerhea: 480 mg/ml

plasma concentration of ewerhea: 6 mg/ml

What is the clearance of ewerhea?

1. 12 ml/min
2. 100 ml/min
3. 120 ml/min
4. 240 ml/min
5. 480 ml/min

5. Which of the following sets of lab values would be most consistent with a diagnosis of central (i.e., pituitary-based) diabetes insipidus? urine osmolality; flow rate

1. 50 mOsm/kg H₂0, 18 L/day
2. 50 mOsm/kg H₂0, 1.5 L/day
3. 300 mOsm/kg H₂0, 1.5 L/day
4. 300 mOsm/kg H₂0, 18 L/day
5. 1,200 mOsm/kg H₂0, 0.5 L/day

answers: 1-E, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C, 5-A

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|03050: Invertebrate Zoology| |03051: Vertebrate Zoology| |03074: Economic Botany|

Please send comments and questions to: cronewil@hvcc.edu

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This web site last updated on March 14, 2000