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Parasitism. Mechanisms of Pathogenicity

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Last revised: Monday, April 24, 2000
Ch. 29 (p. 581-591) in Prescott et al, Microbiology, 4th Ed.
Note: These notes are provided as a guide to topics the instructor hopes to cover during lecture. Actual coverage will always differ somewhat from what is printed here. These notes are not a substitute for the actual lecture!
Copyright 2000. Thomas M. Terry

Pathogens

Terminology

Intracellular vs Extracellular Life: choices & consequences

Most pathogens have evolved to live either inside or outside of host cells, rarely if ever in both habitats.

Intracellular life

Bacterial Disease Case Study: Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • M. tuberculosis is a strictly aerobic bacterium, with a very slow doubling time (12-18 hours)
  • View electron micrograph of M. tuberculosis
  • Mycobacteria have very waxy coats (made of mycolic acid compounds). They resist destaining with acid and alcohol, and are called the acid-fast bacteria. Their waxy coats resist uptake of many antibiotics.
  • TB has a long latent period; first detectable signs of antibody response are 8-12 weeks after infection.
  • TB is usually asymptomatic; only 10-20% of infected persons become diseased.
  • How does M. tuberculosis cause disease? Almost any tissue can become infected, but lung is common focus of infection, so consider TB in lung:
    1. Bacterium is taken up inside phagosome by macrophage (first stage of phagocytosis)
    2. Bacterium secretes proteins that block fusion of phagosome with lysosome
    3. Bacterium slowly grows and replicates inside macrophage host cell, gradually turning cell into a bacterial replicator.
    4. Macrophages migrate to regional lymph nodes
    5. Other macrophages are attracted by chemotaxis to the site of infection, forming an early tubercule. Activated macrophages kill M. tuberculosis, stop spread. Host develops cell-mediated immunity, delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin, a protein secreted by M. tuberculosis.
    6. In some cases, mature tubercules are formed as firm outer layer of macrophages "wall off" inner mass of infected macrophages. Center of tubercule liquiefies, forms air-filled cavity that promotes growth of bacteria, liquefaction of tubercule contents.
    7. Rupture of tubercule can allow bacteria to enter bronchioles, spread throug respiratory system and other tissues
    8. Patients with pulmonary TB have respiratory problems, cough up mucus secretions frequently. TB can attack many other sites in body as well as lungs.
    9. View cross-section of normal lung
    10. View cross-section of lung with TB
    11. View cross-section of lung with "miliary" TB (so called because of extensive white abcesses resembling grains of millet)
  • TB is one of the most common diseases world-wide. The following annual estimates are probably too low:
    1. Worldwide annual deaths from TB: 3 million (98% in developing countries)
    2. Worldwide annual reported disease cases: 8 million
    3. Worldwide incidence of infection: somewhere between 1 in 10 to 1 in 3 people
    4. U.S. incidence in 1995: 22,860 cases (8.7 cases per 100,000 population)
  • View further information about TB
  • Want to play doctor? Practice your diagnostic skill with a Web-based case study of a patient with TB.
  • Since you started reading this page
    people have been infected with TB.

Extracellular life

Facultative intracellular pathogens


Virulence Factors


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